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Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall is a former defensive fortification built by the Romans in northern England, marking the boundary between the Roman province of Britannia and the unconquered territories to the north. Constructed in AD 122 during Emperor Hadrian's reign, it stretches 73 miles (117 kilometers) from Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west.
The wall was built with large ditches in front and behind, featuring stone and turf sections, with forts, milecastles, and watchtowers along its length.
Its primary function was to slow down raiders, control movement, and serve as an observation point for Roman troops.
Approximately 10,000 soldiers were stationed along the wall, consisting of auxiliary infantry and cavalry regiments.
Hadrian's Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 and is considered one of Britain's major ancient tourist attractions.
The wall was estimated to be around 12 feet high, with some sections possibly reaching a few feet higher.
It took six years to build the wall, using three Roman legions: Legio II Augusta, Legio VI Victrix, and Legio XX Valeria Victrix.
Antonine Wall
The wall was briefly abandoned in favor of the Antonine Wall in Scotland but was reoccupied and remained a crucial defensive structure until the end of Roman rule in Britain in AD 410.
The Antonine Wall is an ancient Roman fortification built across Scotland's Central Belt between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth. Constructed around AD 142, it marked the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire, stretching approximately 39 miles (63 kilometers) from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire to Carriden near Bo'ness.
The wall was made of turf on stone foundations, about 3 meters high and 5 meters wide, with a deep ditch on the northern side and oden palisade on top.
It was built to extend Roman territory, protect the frontier from Caledonian raids, and demonstrate Roman dominance.
The wall had 16 forts and several smaller fortlets, connected by a road known as the Military Way, facilitating troop movement.
Around 7,000 soldiers from various parts of the Roman Empire patrolled the wall.
The wall was built during Emperor Antoninus Pius' reign, likely taking six to twelve years to complete.
The Romans abandoned the wall after only eight years, relocating to Hadrian's Wall in AD 162.
Despite its relatively short lifespan, the Antonine Wall has had a lasting impact on Scottish history and culture.
Many sites along the wall are under Historic Environment Scotland's care, offering accessible remains and interpretive displays.
Some well-preserved sites include Rough Castle Fort, Bar Hill Fort, and the Roman Bathhouse in Bearsden.
The Antonine Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008, recognizing its significance as part of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire.
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